Institutions all over the world are setting up microcredentials in responses to calls from governments and industry: short courses, usually offered online by accredited institutions, with an emphasis on the needs of the workplace. They are also often used for retraining and upskilling. This book explains how to start offering microcredentials as an academic institution.
This chapter provides an overview of energy tax and subsidy patterns in the 71 countries covered in the report and estimates the net effect of energy taxes and subsidies on public finances.